By the 1890s, the traje de mestiza adopts the voluminous proportions of Western dress, particularly the leg-of-mutton sleeves. The shoulder line drops by a few inches, while the sleeves flare outward with the help of starch. Her plaid skirt, along with others of the period, narrowed down to feature a sweeping train, referred to as a saya de cola (skirt with a train). Her skirt, in particular, has an unusually high hemline, revealing her footwear.

A new folding method for the pañuelo (fichu) results in a smaller, thinner appearance, featuring two dimples on each side. The pañuelo of this decade is pulled farther toward the shoulders, revealing more of the neck. Scalloped borders along the edges of the pañuelo and sleeves remain a favorite decorative technique.

She wears a pair of corchos, or flat, backless sandals without a heel. Lastly, her accessories include a pendant, an abanico (folding fan), and a pañolito (small handkerchief).

For me Fort McKinley/Fort Bonifacio is interesting because it was a military camp that was a place of detention during martial law got turned into BGC. There were a lot of trees and it seems there is a lack of pictures between 1949 and 1994 when it was sold to BCDA. The only evidence is the videos of jusmag408.

Found these in my grandmother's old coin bank. 5 centavo coin year 1944 and it says USA at the back and another 25 centavo coin year 1962.

Found these in my grandmother's old coin bank. 5 centavo coin year 1944 and it says USA at the back and another 25 centavo coin year 1962.

The public image of Colonel Jesus Villamor (Villamor Air Base) is largely that of the legendary fighter pilot, but behind that was a highly secretive intelligence career. His espionage career had earned him the Medal of Valor (ang pinaka-mataas na karangalang militar sa Pilipinas). His mission required him to disappear behind enemy lines, communicate clandestinely, work with guerrillas, and risk capture by the Japanese. This part of his story is much less widely known than his famous aerial victories.

The reason it's Terrifying is not because of the election but the guy who instead won. Fidel Ramos, a WWII Veteran, Capable General and also major political figure who played a role during February 1986 Reform the Armed Forces Movement coup and every EDSA Revolutions, was also the General-in-Chief during Marcos and Cory Administration. Every Brutal Atrocities like Political Assassinations and Civilian Massacres during Marcos and Millions of displaced Filipinos by the Army during Cory's Government, he's basically in-charged. That's why it's shocking he was elected considering there's alot of juggernaut and legendary figures during candidancy like Danding Coquangco, the guy who's accused as the real mastermind behind Ninoy's Assassination.

Jose Abad Santos, Vicente Lim, Jesus Villamor, Carlos P. Romulo, Teofilo Yldefonso, Jose Calugas, Cesar Basa

My grandfather, Colonel Jesús Villamor, is the third person from the left.

photo courtesy: PVAO Mt. Samat National Shrine

 I'm not necessarily saying that it should happen, I'm more asking for the historical context for why we never but all things considered, you'd think the conditions in this country would've been ripe for a class-based revolution, civil war or even mob violence against the upper classes a long time ago. Observe:

• enormous economic inequality, worse than almost all of SE Asia
• very feudalistic land ownership and the dismal failure of successive attempts at land reform
• an extremely wealthy, powerful, conservative and abusive oligarchy of old families (in the old days = Spanish landowners; in more recent times = Chinese/mestizo landowners and conglomerates)—and not to mention the Catholic Church, which fits all these categories except for the family part, and sometimes not even then (and today similar authoritarian churches like the INC or Evangelical/Born Again churches)
• incredible and rampant degenerative corruption (that is, extractive corruption, as opposed to the corruption that still gets infrastructure built properly or allows the country to develop still, in places like South Korea and Malaysia)
• an increasingly restless common folk, some of whom are demanding increased participation, rights and accountability, even and especially among the middle class, and so on.

Many of these conditions parallel places like pre-1789 France or to a lesser extent Imperial Russia. What happened there that hasn't really happened here (or vice versa)? Was it the intrusion of colonial rule (because the Spanish gave Christianity/Catholicism and the Americans introduced democracy/elections, or their versions of it) or something? Even the Philippine Revolution didn't really succeed in the end with the Americans coming in (and a lot of it was elite led anyway), and even the Huk Rebellion and the CPP-NPA have never really entirely succeeded, even when the corruption, the inequality, the everyday hardships and at times even abuses of rights still become extreme or at least too hard to ignore sometimes. EDSA, meanwhile, no one thinks it really changed much of anything, and at least according to some people it might have made things technically worse.

Many know that Rizal was buried at Paco the same day he died. But, I also saw some sources that Leonor Rivera was also buried at Paco when she died, although its said that her grave can't be found/unrecognizable because of the destruction during the Battle of Manila in WW2. If true, it's tragic but also bittersweet to see them both buried close to each other, even though Rizal's remains were transferred to Luneta much later. Is it true that she was buried at Paco? Could we ever find her grave?

What does it mean if my ancestor has a pre claverian decree surname and we still use it? Was the surname given to my ancestor randomly? Or inherited?

Ano ang dahilan nito at bakit sila nawala noong ika-18 siglo hanggang ika-19 siglo? Bigla ko lang naalala yung sa part ng GomBurZa na nagbalik ang mga jesuitas sa pinas. Naging pari ba ang mga ibang Indio? Kaya ba ninanais ni Hermano Pule na maging pari dahil sa mga Jesuitas na wala sila dito?

1. (Near Piapi, Dumaguete, NO, 1933). September 17, 1933. Dumaguete & Environs, Oriental Negros. Local schooner at Dumaguete. Piapi barrio in distance.
2. (Jolo Harbor, Sulu, 1933). September 15, 1933. Jolo Harbor, Sulu Prov.
3. (Indanan, Sulu 1933). September 15, 1933. Indanan, Jolo, Sulu Prov. Parang - Indanan. Moro family, marriageable girl's make up.
4. (Iloilo Harbor, 1933). August 23, 1933. Western Panay from S. S. Mayon. Harbor entrance, Iloilo. F.11 1/100 G.
5. (Cebu Harbor, 1933). September 18, 1933. Cebu Province. Sea wall from steamer. f.8 1/100 G.
6. (Toledo, Cebu 1933). September 18, 1933. Toledo - Aloguinsan Road, Cebu-Toledo Road, Cebu Province. Wharf and restaurants, Toledo.
7. (Port Ragay, Camarines Sur, 1934). Port Ragay, Camarines Sur. May 10 '34. Port Ragay station & pier. 9 1/50. Verichrome 6 x 13.
8. (Cabanatuan, NE 1933). Cabanatuan & Bongabong Road, Nueva Ecija. Dec. 30 '33. Methodist girls' dormitory.
9. (Binan, Laguna 1934). Manila South Road, Binan--Muntinlupa, Dec. 6. Same site as last. Looking toward Binan. Pollarded & unpollarded trees. (Samanea Saman).
10. (Bongabon, NE, 1933). Bongabong Sawmill & Calanan, Nueva Ecija. Dec. 30 '33. Bagtican log arriving at mill end of ropeway. Eastman SS Panchromatic 'underdeveloped'.
11. (Dapdap, Tayabas, Quezon, 1934). Dec. 27, 1934. Water from rice fields falling over unprotected bare L. Brown to brown & Light Gray Mottled Clay. Dapdap barrio. Tayabas Town. Agfa Plenachrome 6 x 6
12. (Pier 1, Manila, 1935). Laguna Province & Manila, Philippines. January 4? 1935. S.S. Miley at Pier 1. Manila. 11 1/50.
13. (Batu Ferry, Bambang, N. Vizcaya, 1935). Bambang,--Batu Ferry. Nueva Vizcaya, Phillipines. May 17, 1935. Batu Ferry. 5.6 1/100
14. (Butac, Ilocos S., 1935). Kms. 365--Sabangan--Tagudin Road; Ilocos Sur; Pangasinan. Feb. 2, 3, '35. Boho [Buho] & Boho [Buho] houses. Butac village. Clearing in distance same as in #1 above. Km. 363. 5.6 1/25.
15. (Cabicangan R., Pamplona, Cagayan, 1935). Pamplona--Claveria--& West; Cagayan Province. May 23, 24 '35. Clavaria from East Bank Cabicangan River. 11 1/25
16. (Upi R., Cotabato, 1933). August 30, 1933. Cotabato-Upi road. Cross-bedded sediments. Huts, coconuts. f.8 1/100.
17. (Same). August 30, 1933. Cotabato-Upi road. Phalaenopsis at Wirens. f.8 1/10. Mindanao F. 23
18. (Vintar Dam, Vintar, Ilocos N., 1935). Vintar Dam; Vintar-Sarrat Road--Dingras-Solsona, Ilocos Norte. 26/5/35. Vintar Dam. Salsalamagui. Looking NW. 11 1/25 G.
19. (Cotabato, 1933). August 31, 1933. Cotabato. Gov. D. Gutierrez' house. f.8 1/50
20. (N. Slope Mayon volcano, Tiwi, Albay, 1934). North slope of Mayon [Volcano]; Tiwi, Albay. May 14 '34. Clear spring. Tiwi (sample). 11 1/25. Panatomic 6 x 6.

I read online a source, I can't remember where, but it was talking about urban planning in the 1930s, and how back then they planned "properly" around rivers and waterways by not zoning them for development because they would flood. (I'm paraphrasing, but it was like that.) We now know that since then, the DPWH and its predecessor agencies under the independent Republic still build in those places anyway largely due to corruption in infrastructure projects, including flood control and building roads and places to put up private housing and development.

However, it seems unlikely that there was no corruption in the Spanish period or even under the early American period when the Americans were more in control. Are there any reports or records that survive from then to today about the stories or kinds of corruption that happened in infrastructure projects and government agencies, local or colonial (that is, national)?

For Spanish period, it can be even just the 1800s. For American period, maybe until the Commonwealth. Preferably I'm looking for cases that involve native Filipinos who were engaged in the corruption, because it would be an easy enough answer to say "the Spanish friars or the American colonizers benefited from public works corruption." For example, Kennon Road (the road to Baguio) or Jones Bridge was built in the American period, was there no corruption involving natives there? How about the Manila Dagupan railway built under the Spanish, or the Puente de España? And were there not flood control projects in both colonial periods that were also corrupt?

Also, if you answer for Spanish period, I already know about polo y servicios**, so no need to answer that**. I know the Spanish benefited from that, and so did probably the principalia, but I fail to see what exactly was "corrupt" about that system, and anyway it doesn't really focus on the nature of the infrastructure itself, including the deals, contracts or under the table payments that happened back then. Most textbook discussions of polo y servicios only mention that the Spanish colonizers/friars used unpaid native labour to build churches and public works, but not what kinds of graft and corruption involved in the system.

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I found this interesting group of photos. For reference, Tutuban was where the trains from the northern provinces arrive and hence connect to the rest of Metro Manila. One can only imagine what the Philippine railroad would have looked like had majority of it not closed and its potential brought to reality especially in a world of traffic.

Photographers and entry notes:

1. [1932-33] man carrying children in baskets, Morong, Cainta, Rizal [province]

2. Nov. 29 '34. Fisherman's hut, where we celebrated [Thanksgiving dinner]. Dalihican [Domacaa], Tayabas [Quezon province].

3. Zitangnga [Zitanga]--Guiddam River (Aparri--Pamplona Road), Philippines. May 23 '35. Women help grade New Highway. 25 km +/- SE. Pamplona.

4. September 12, 1933. Libungan-Cotabato, Cotabato Prov. [Maguindanao province] Princess Market. Sept. 12.

5. September 11, 1933. Dulauan [Datu Piang] - Libungan, Cotabato Prov. [Maguindanao province] Loaded banca. f.5.6 1/300

6. Daet-Basud, on Sipocot Road, Camarines Norte. May 17 '34. General view of Daet-Basud Road at 388-1. Verichrome 6 x 13.

7. September 11, 1933. Dulauan [Datu Piang], Cotabato Prov. [Maguindanao province] Mora Muslim women on village street.

8. Luzon, P.I. May 20, 1935. Tobacco on Flood plain up river (left) of last. (Ilagan & North, Cagayan Valley, Isabela, Solana, N.W. Tuguegarao, Cagayan Province)

9. September 11, 1933. Dulauan [Datu Piang], Cotabato Prov. [Maguindanao province] Bagungan, Piang's 'niece' Presidente of Buluan, ex wife of Inuk [Inok] Ali et al.

10. September 11, 1933. Dulauan [Datu Piang], Cotabato Prov. [Maguindanao province] Bagungan's body guard.

11. Dec. 1 '34. Making cylinders of white clay. "Putting Lupa" Pansol. Dalihican [Domacaa], Tayabas [Quezon province]; Pansol, and Forestry, Laguna.

12. September 11, 1933. Dulauan [Datu Piang], Cotabato Prov. [Maguindanao province] Ugulingan, the son of Piang's croodile skin shop. f.3.8 1/10.

13. Farmers using a chisel roller in rice paddy. Irosin, Sorsogon; Guinobatan and westward, Albay. May 11 & 12 '34.

14. Mountain province (Philippines), girls along mountain road. Sabangan, & Cervantee Road to Km. 434 from Manila. Feb. 2 1935.

15. Girls under blanket during rain. Irosin, Sorsogon; Daraga, Albay. May 13, 14 '34. Similar [Raining in Lamboon] 3.8 1/25. Panatomic 6 x 6.

16. Banua Rest House and group of men with Department of Agriculture and Commerce car. Pasaleng Bay, Pancian Valley, Banua; Ilocos Norte Province. May 24 '35. Banua rest house. 5.6 1/25

17. Novaliches Road, Rizal Province. Jan. 29, 31, 1935. A cutter & his grooving tool. Cut blocks beyond.

18. Mountain province (Philippines), Igorot children riding water buffaloes along Santa Tomas & Mt. Data Roads, Baguio, Mt. Province. Feb. 1 1935.

19. Igorot carrying charcoal along Santa Tomas road & Mt. Data Roads, Baguio, Mt. Province. Feb. 1 1935.

20. Negrito with bow and arrows. Dinalupihan--Olongopo Road, Bataan. Sept. 4, 1934.

We all know the stories of Jose Rizal, Andres Bonifacio, Antonio Luna and other Filipino heroes but what about their relatives during the Japanese occupation? Did you know any footnotes or stories about what did they do during the occupation?

One of the unfortunate story was about Mauricio "Moris" Cruz, niece of Jose Rizal. Jose Rizal gave Moris this multilingual greeting card in 1896, Rizal's last Christmas.

On 7 February 1945, Mauricio Cruz along with his other family members were rounded up by the Japanese and herded in the Masonic Temple in Manila and was executed.

Please share if you know any similar stories. Interesting kasi.

I took a picture of Rizal’s preserved vest on display at the Jose Rizal Museum during a recent trip to Calamba, Laguna.

What’s really striking is how tiny Jose was. I’ve read a lot of autobiographies about the man to have an idea of his height and the apparent Napoleon Complex that came with it. But seeing what he would’ve worn at the time with your own eyes has been an eye-opener!

Hi, I’ve been looking to do a video essay and I’m trying to do research on the theories of the shape of Taal before the caldera. Any information helps. Some say it used to be a cone-shape, some say it wasnt a cone shape. Some say it’s a graben feature. Anyone have more info that can help?

How should we objectively assess Emilio Aguinaldo’s actions during the Philippine Revolution, particularly his conflict with Andrés Bonifacio? Given Aguinaldo’s military background and the circumstances facing the revolutionary forces, is it possible that some of his decisions were motivated by a strategic attempt to preserve the army and prevent further casualties, rather than simply by personal ambition or betrayal? What historical evidence supports or contradicts this interpretation?

The country was under Spanish rule for more than 300 years. During the late Spanish period, there were rebellions, growing nationalism, and eventually the Philippine Revolution.

Because of this, we often hear about the resentment many Filipinos had toward Spanish colonial rule and the narrative that Spaniards are very evil and oppressive people that have done nothing but to exploit and treat the natives badly.

But what happened after Spanish rule ended?

Did the majority of the filipinos continue to strongly resent Spain and the Spaniards, the Friars?

Were there subtle discriminations or hatred?

Or were there already efforts to rebuild relations through diplomacy, trade, education, and cultural ties?

How did ordinary Filipinos view Spain after independence, and how did the relationship develop over the following decades?

Would like to know your insights and perspectives on this.