I covered this in my book, but the idea that there was a 'riddah' where everyone first accepted islam and then only when Muhammed died did everyone suddenly apostatise and suddenly out of nowhere Riddah prophets appeared and became non muslims is nonsense, it's not true.
I discuss how https://www.reddit.com/r/exmuslim/s/v8oFaPt170 musaylima actually appeared far before the muslims claim he did, in 624ce and/or there was simply a spelling mistake (which itself is hilarious).
Even the Quran agrees with me, that actually even among the so called muslims this was not really sincere belief
"The desert Arabs say, 'We have believed.' Say, 'You have not believed; but say, "We have submitted," for faith has not yet entered into your hearts.'" - Quran 49:14
And there is this whole distinction between 'islam' = submission and 'iman' =actual faith.
So with that being said, let's go through the map allegiances I painstakingly made. I will put a small disclaimer, sub tribes do exist within everything I'm saying, so it's not 100% anything, but as far as we can tell anyway/ this is a massive topic and it honestly could be a books worth on it's own, what I'm showing is that 'riddah' or 'apostasy' is basically a lie.
Dark green.= core islamic territories during so called 'riddah'
Not actually that much, if you actually inspect the tribes involved, a bunch of them were basically just Mecca's diplomatic umbrella; they were the Kinanah, Hadhayl and Khuza'ah, when Muhammed conquered Mecca these tribes defected to Muhammed and the Muslims, but they were basically diplomatic and trade allies of Mecca, when Muhammed conquered Mecca he basically inherited them because they were loyal to Mecca rather than islam. Nonetheless they were pretty core territories during the so called 'riddah'
The next 'core' territory is the Juhaynah who were one of the first tribes to make a treaty with the Muslims even before he conquered Mecca.
The next 'core' territory I would consider is the Ma'afir. They were massively bribed, but their loyalty as a result was pretty iron tight. They were given tax collection privileges over the entire south of arabia, pretty much bribed them into being 'muslims'.
Then there's the recently conquered Quraysh, and that's about it.
That neatly goes onto the light green, enemy of my enemy/bribed 'muslims'
A bunch of tribes classify as this,
The Yafi were rivals of the Ans (Aswad's tribe) so sided with the muslims
The Hamadan were rivals of the Murad who were pro Aswad so aligned with the muslims
Akk and Asharun- were rivals of the Zubayd (who were pro Aswad) again not really 'muslims' so much as anti Aswad's tribal allies.
Abdul Qays were rivals of the Banu Hanifa (musaylima's tribe) so aligned with the muslims
If we move onto the more economic light green, who I could have made a different colour, but chose not to just for my sanity sake and for simplicity sake.
The Hawazin received a loot rebate, after the battle of Hunayn 630ce, the muslims basically gave up all the loot and captives and even gave 100 camels to the chief as a sweetener to be loyal basically.
The Kilab- literally got mineral rights, gold mines. Again basically a bribe to them so they would stay loyal and be loyal muslims.
The Uqayl- were given land grants of fertile aqeeq valley
And finally the Thaqif were given lucrative tax privileges and trade privileges.
Outside of the dark green and light green, core and bribed, vs enemy of my enemy, pretty much everyone else everywhere else, were not muslims at all.
In grey are the more independent powers, not aligned with the four riddah prophets.
-> Azd Uman were initially pro muslim under the Julanda brothers but were overthrown by a regional pretender Laqit bin Malik who had a rivalry with the julanda brothers
-> The Banu Kindah did launch a revolt against the muslims but waited until after Al Aswad was defeated before launching their rebellion.
->The Banu Mahrah were disloyal to Medinah, and were divided into the Bani Muharib and the Bani Shakhrat, this is not a detail in my book, but they used the weaker disloyal Banu Shakhrat against the Banu Muharib to conquer the tribe as a whole.
The Banu Hilal, Ka'ab and Dabbah- largely sat out of the riddah wars basically choosing to be neutral.
In white are honestly the most formidable rivals of the muslims, Al Aswad's coalition in the south who I've already described somewhat. Whether you choose to believe Al Aswad was connected to the Dhul Khalasa or not, (and again it deserves it's own post) nonetheless-
Ans (his name literally Aswad al Ansi), so Aswad's own tribe
Al hadda,
Zubayd-
Murad (aforementioned rivals of Hamadan)
Al Harith- (who had their own najran Kaaba)
Khatham- who were deeply connected to the Dhul Khalasa and allied with Aswad,
Through the Khatham, that gives him 4 more tribal allies,
Daws,
Al Azd,
Bahila
and the midhal
When you read the history and see 'oh a muslim assassinated Al Aswad'- that's why he had like 10 southern Arabian tribes behind him, and the muslims were scared of open battle with this guy.
the Khatham allegiance does suggest, and his nickname 'the black one' does suggest to me at least that he was connected to the Dhul Khalasa that was a white stone; there is even a Hadith Timirdhi 877, which reads
"The Black Stone descended from Paradise, and it was whiter than milk, then it was blackened by the sins of the children of Adam." - the issue of course being the Dhul Khalasa was already white, which reads like a subtle dig at the black stone of the quraysh and the muslims; again deserves it's own post.
IN red are Tulayha's forces, not very significant but nonetheless,
The Ghatafan and the Asad tribes, total disloyal to muslims before the riddah and after it, there is even campaigns detailing how the muslims raided their territory and stole things from them, the 'ghatafan mystery raids make zero sense' and are frankly laughable. Again deserves its own post.
In brown are Sajah's forces, I can't remember which way around but one of her parents was Banu Taghlib and the other was Banu Tamim, the Tamim were so annoying to muslims they actually invented this whole 'pagans buried their daughters' thing which I have thoroughly debunked in another post;https://www.reddit.com/r/exmuslim/comments/1vmla7d/pagan_used_to_bury_their_daughters_disproven_and/
but it's extra absurd on the Tamim since before Sajah they were christians so extra reason for them to not have done this, an absurd bit of islamic propaganda that muslims believe for whatever reason.
In the East are Musaylima's forces
Banu Hanifa,
Hizzan
and Numayr
They fought at Aqraba and nearly won. That was three tribes, and again if we go by the Kudr invasion of 624ce, that largely meant Musaylima's movement existed since at least 624ce (or a scribe misread Bahran as Bahrain or both frankly)
All of this to say, the Arabian peninsula was anything but unified even before Muhammed died, and there was not a sudden 'riddah' but actually a whole lot of messy politics
Not even getting into the Northern Arabia border zone, where the Romans through the ghassanids paid a bunch of tribes ata' basically subsidies so they stay loyal. These were the people who beat the muslims at mut'ah and only later when the Romans stopped paying subsidies did they defect.
Same is true of the Sassanians, except their client tribes were totally disloyal, having been beaten at Dhi Qar for example, although granted much of them were doing their own thing.
So to recap:
Western core, muslim. With significant opportunists.
Some opportunists and regional rivals of other tribes in the south. (anything but pacified, even having their own religious centre.) let alone
In the north, you have Sajah and Tulayha,
In the East you have Musaylima his tribal centres, let alone the Azd Uman and other independently oriented tribes.
Riddah is fundamentally a lie, there was no riddah for most of the Arabian peninsula, they were already in alternate movements even before Muhammed's death.
Even many 'Muslims' were superficial at best anyways, much more about the economics than it was religion.
If you want to read more about this topic and much more, check out my book at https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0H2FVKNXL?binding=kindle_edition&ref=dbs_dp_sirpi